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Software Carpentry Overview by Software Carpentry is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License.

History

• Founded by Greg Wilson in 1998, teaching scientists how to use supercomputers at LANL.
• Open sourced materials 2004-present
• Currently funded by the Sloan Foundation and the Mozilla Foundation

What We Teach

• Unix Command Line Interface (Shell)
• Version Control
• Python
• Testing

What We Actually Teach

• A program is just another piece of lab equipment
• Programming is a human activity
• Little pieces loosely joined
• Let the computer repeat it
• Paranoia makes us productive
• Better algorithms beat better hardware

How to THINK like a programmer

Who We Teach

Who We Are

• Will Trimble (Argonne)
• Ross Dickson (Dalhousie University)
• Woods Hole Python Users Group
• volunteers

Our Goals for You

We will take you on a tour of:

• Managing and sharing Software, Data, and Manuscripts with Git
• Automating things with the shell
• Principles of Practical Programming with Python
• Scientific Computing with Python
• Gallery of plotting and mapping in Python (matplotlib and basemap)

Be fluent in multiple languages

You speak multiple languages when interacting with a computer. Choosing to use a new tool, library, or language can be similar to learning a new language:

• There is a high initial startup cost as you learn vocabulary, grammar, and idioms sum(x*y for x,y in itertools.izip(x_vector, y_vector))
• You will learn faster by observing and working with others who are more skilled than you
• But once you have gained some fluency, you will find yourself capable of new things!

Use domain specific languages and libraries to increase your expressivity

• Aim for languages and tools that allow you to express your models and manage your data simply.

Make it work right first, make it fast later.

Use REPL Environments for Development

REPL (read-eval-print-loop) environments tighten the coupling between the code you write and the results you see, increasing productivity.

Automate common actions by saving simple blocks of code into scripts

• A script is a set of commands organized into a single file
• The script is the basest unit of scientific programming, you should be comfortable writing these whenever you want to save or otherwise document or repeat your actions
• Use scripts to explore new ideas, they are easy to write and throw away
• Don't repeat commands into your REPL, save them to a script

Refactor commonly used blocks of code into functions

• Eventually, you will find that your scripts have a lot of repeated code, or that you are spending a lot of time adjusting parameters at the top of the file
• Refactor out repeated code into function calls in your scripts and implement the function either in the same file or a separate one
• Be comfortable with the calling and return syntax of your programming language environment, whether it is bash or Python
• Don't repeat code in scripts, refactor them to functions

Group commonly used functions into libraries

• If you have to write a lot of software functions, consider designing and releasing a library so that others do not have to share your misfortune
• Check that nobody else has implemented the functionality you need
• If something close exists, it may be worth adapting to your needs if the project is of high quality and suitably licensed
• Openly licensed non-commercial libraries tend to have a much longer effective lifespan than unreleased codes
• Share your code with others, and use their code

Basic strategies

• Use languages and libraries that reduce the complexity of your work
• It is worth installing a complicated or expensive software tool if your computations or model are naturally expressed with it
• Always look for opportunities to write less code
  • you will have to do less initial work (sometimes)
  • you will introduce less bugs
  • your code will be easier to understand and maintain
• When writing software, try to keep individual functions short, single-purpose, and avoid excessive nesting

Back up your data!

Use version control for checkpointing and collaboration

• use local version control software to checkpoint personal code development
• checkpointing your work encourages wild ideas and late-night coding sessions
• you can easily restore back in the morning if it was a bad idea
• use distributed version control to collaborate with others
• We advocate Git, but you may be stuck with whatever your group uses
• though check out git-svn for using Git to collaborate with an svn repository, it's awesome!

We will learn more about working with git and GitHub today

Principles of verification and validation

• verification - is your code correctly written?
• validation - do your computations accurately model the physical phenomena in question?
• test frameworks help you verify your code, but validation is usually a manual process
• Be paranoid and test small things!

Principles of documentation

• Save every bit of code you use for generating publishable results
• Document and comment your code for yourself as if you will need to understand it in 6 months
• use README files liberally
• as well as file-level, function-level, and inline documentation
• If any piece of code is too complex to easily describe, consider refactoring it

Schedule

Today

• 9:00-12:00 Managing and Collaborating with your Software, Data, and Manuscripts with Git
• 1:00-4:30 Debugging, testing, and numpy/pandas

Aim for reproducibility

• The goals of non-review scientific publications are to:
  • Describe a new result or approach
  • Convince others of its usefulness
• The reproducibility of your publication will greatly benefit both of these goals
• See http://figshare.com for an easy way to store and share your data in an easily-cited way

Pragmatic Programmer, The: From Journeyman to Master

Andrew Hunt and David Thomas

ISBN 978-0132119177

Describes the important principles and practices of being an effective programmer, instead of teaching a specific language or technique

Code Complete Second Edition

Steve McConnell

ISBN 978-0735619678

Focuses on principles of software construction, with attention to skills, testing, and design.

Verification and Validation in Scientific Computing

William L. Oberkampf and Christopher J. Roy

ISBN 978-0521113601

Focuses on verification and validation of numerical solutions to models described by systems of partial differential and integral equations.

Programming Languages for Scientific Computing

Matthew G. Knepley

Preprint: http://arxiv.org/pdf/1209.1711.pdf

Gives an overview of modern programming languages and techniques such as code generation, templates, and mixed-language designs. This is a preprint, so expect some rough spots.

Two Solitudes

Greg Wilson

Slides: http://www.slideshare.net/gvwilson/two-solitudes

Describes Greg's journey as a scientist and leader for the Software Carpentry project, provides some insight into the differences between industry and academics.

Best Practices for Scientific Computing

D. A. Aruliah, C. Titus Brown, Neil P. Chue Hong, Matt Davis, Richard T. Guy, Steven H. D. Haddock, Katy Huff, Ian Mitchell, Mark Plumbley, Ben Waugh, Ethan P. White, Greg Wilson, Paul Wilson

Preprint: http://arxiv.org/abs/1210.0530

Good summary paper of many fundamental practices for working with and developing scientific software. This is a preprint, so expect some rough spots.

What Every Computer Scientist Should Know About Floating-Point Arithmetic

David Golberg

Web article: http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E19957-01/806-3568/ncg_goldberg.html

Introduction to the IEEE floating-point standard, its implications, and many of the common pitfalls when using floating-point numbers in scientific computing

The Research Software Engineer

Rob Baxter, Neil Chue Hong, Dirk Gorissen, James Hetherington, and Ilian Todorov

Web article: http://dirkgorissen.com/2012/09/13/the-research-software-engineer

Discussion of the current challenges to scientific software engineering as a profession.

Science Code Manifesto

http://sciencecodemanifesto.org

Publicly signed commitment to clear licensing and curation of software associated with research publications.

You sometimes need geeks. You never need dorks.